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Operation Tannenberg ((ドイツ語:Unternehmen Tannenberg)) was a codename for one of the extermination actions by Nazi Germany that was directed at the Polish nationals during the opening stages of World War II in Europe; part of the ''Generalplan Ost'' for the German colonization of the East. The shootings were conducted with the use of a proscription lists (''Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen''), compiled by the Gestapo in the span of two years before the 1939 attack.〔 The top secret lists identified more than 61,000 members of the Polish elite: activists, intelligentsia, scholars, actors, former officers, and others, who were to be interned or shot. Members of the German minority living in Poland assisted in preparing the lists.〔(Unternehmen Tannenberg - August 1939: Wie der SD den Überfall auf Polen vorbereitete (III) ) bei wissen.spiegel.de ((PDF file, direct download). ) 〕 that up to 20,000 Germans living in Poland belonged to organizations involved in various forms of subversion. Operation Tannenberg was closely followed by the ''Intelligenzaktion'', a second phase of the ''Unternehmen Tannenberg'' directed by Heydrich's ''Sonderreferat'' from Berlin. It lasted until January 1940. In Pomerania alone 36,000–42,000 Poles including children have been killed already before the end of 1939. ==Implementation== The plan was finalized in May 1939 by the Central Office II P (Poland). Following the orders of Adolf Hitler, a special unit dubbed ''Tannenberg'' was created within the Reich Main Security Office (''Reichssicherheitshauptamt''). It commanded a number of ''Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD'' formed with Gestapo, Kripo and ''Sicherheitsdienst'' (SD) officers who were theoretically following the local ''Wehrmacht'' commanders. Their task was to track down and arrest all the people listed on the proscription lists exactly as it has been compiled before the outbreak of war.〔Peter Longerich (2012), ( War and Settlement in Poland. ) ''Heinrich Himmler: A Life.'' OUP Oxford, pp.425–429. ISBN 0199592322.〕 The first phase of the action occurred in August 1939 when about 2,000 activists of Polish minority organisations in Germany were arrested and murdered. The second phase of the action began on September 1, 1939, and ended in October, resulting in at least 20,000 deaths in 760 mass executions by ''Einsatzgruppen'' special task units with some help from regular ''Wehrmacht'' (armed forces). In addition, a special formation was created from the German minority living in Poland called ''Selbstschutz'', whose members had trained in Germany before the war in diversion and guerilla fighting (see: Deutscher Volksverband, the German People's Union in Poland). The formation was responsible for many massacres and due to its bad reputation was dissolved by Nazi authorities after the September Campaign with transfer to regular formations.〔Encyklopedia PWN, (Intelligenzaktion. September–November 1939. ) 〕〔( Piąta kolumna (Jungdeutsche Partei, Deutsche Vereinigung, Deutscher Volksbund, Deutscher Volksverbarid). ) Kampania Wrześniowa 1939.pl (2006). Retrieved 2 November 2015.〕 In the course of Operation Tannenberg patients from Polish hospitals were murdered in ''Wartheland'' (Wielkopolska) by ''Einsatzgruppe'' VI under Herbert Lange. He was appointed commandant of the first Chełmno extermination camp soon thereafter. Already by mid-1940, Lange and his men were responsible for the murder of about 1,100 patients in Owińska, 2,750 patients at Kościan, 1,558 patients and 300 Poles at Działdowo who were shot in the back of the neck; and hundreds of Poles at Fort VII where the mobile gas-chamber (''Einsatzwagen'') was first developed along with the first gassing bunker. According to historian Peter Longerich, the hospital massacres were conducted on the sole initiative of ''Einsatzgruppen'', because they weren't requested by Himmler to do so.〔Longerich 2012, p. 430.〕 Lange's experience in the mass killing of Poles during Operation Tannenberg was the reason why Ernst Damzog, the Commander of Security Police and SD stationed in occupied Poznań (Posen) placed him in charge of the ''SS-Sonderkommando Lange'' (special detachment) for the purpose of mass gassing operations which led to the eventual annihilation of the Łódź Ghetto. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Operation Tannenberg」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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